Concurrent multi-level broadcast and unicast for small unmanned aerial vehicles and v2x systems

ABSTRACT

Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed for processing a multi-level transmission sent on a common set of resources using superposition coding, comprising determining a first group radio network temporary identifier (GRNTI), wherein the GRNTI is associated with a broadcast transmission to a plurality of wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs), determining a second GRNTI, wherein the second GRNTI is associated with a transmission to a subset of the plurality of WTRUs that received the first GRNTI, receiving the multi-level transmission, wherein the multi-level transmission comprises a first level message and a second level message, decoding the first level message from the multi-level transmission using the first GRNTI and preconfigured control information, and decoding the second level message from the multi-level transmission using the second GRNTI.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/335,385 filed on May 12, 2016, the entire contents ofwhich are hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set-forth hereinfor all purposes.

BACKGROUND

The development of technology for drones, also known as small unmannedaerial vehicles (sUAVs), may affect a number of industries. Moreover,the increasing popularity of drones may affect economic, social,security, environmental, political, and legal landscapes over time (suchas, for example, the next twenty years). Interestingly, the civilianmarket is growing faster than the military market. Non-military uses mayinclude construction, agriculture, energy, utilities, insurance, mining,real estate, package delivery, news media, and film production.

A notable increase in investments related to drone technology isoccurring. For example, investments in 2015 related to drone technologymay be more than triple the total from the previous five years combined.The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has predicted that UAVspending may reach $89 billion (cumulative) from 2013 to 2023.

Wireless communication functionality may be of particular importance todrones, as well as other types of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)communications.

SUMMARY

Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed for processing amulti-level transmission sent on a common set of resources usingsuperposition coding, comprising determining a first group radio networktemporary identifier (GRNTI), wherein the GRNTI is associated with abroadcast transmission to a plurality of wireless transmit/receive units(WTRUs), determining a second GRNTI, wherein the second GRNTI isassociated with a transmission to a subset of the plurality of WTRUsthat received the first GRNTI, receiving the multi-level transmission,wherein the multi-level transmission comprises a first level message anda second level message, decoding the first level message from themulti-level transmission using the first GRNTI and preconfigured controlinformation, and decoding the second level message from the multi-leveltransmission using the second GRNTI. The WTRUs may be unmanned aerialvehicles (UAVs). The first level message may be an Automatic DependentSurveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B). The subset of the plurality of WTRUs maybe in a common geographical vicinity (for example, altitude orlocation). The subset of the plurality of WTRUs may be using a commonapplication.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a system diagram of an example communications system in whichone or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 1B is a system diagram of an example wireless transmit/receive unit(WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated inFIG. 1A.

FIG. 1C is a system diagram of an example radio access network and anexample core network that may be used within the communications systemillustrated in FIG. 1A.

FIG. 1D is a system diagram of another example radio access network andanother example core network that may be used within the communicationssystem illustrated in FIG. 1A.

FIG. 1E is a system diagram of another example radio access network andanother example core network that may be used within the communicationssystem illustrated in FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an example of three types ofVehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications: Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V);Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I); and Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P).

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an example of an eNodeB broadcasting messages todifferent geographical areas.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of an example of an eNodeB unicast and multicastbroadcasting messages to a geographical area.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of an example of a Category-1 architecture for atwo-level broadcast message.

FIG. 6 is a diagram of an example constellation for a superposedbroadcast message.

FIG. 7 is a diagram of an example of a multi-level broadcast messaging.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A detailed description of illustrative embodiments will now be describedwith reference to the various figures. Although this descriptionprovides a detailed example of possible implementations, it should benoted that the details are intended to be exemplary and in no way limitthe scope of the application. In addition, the figures may illustrateone or more message charts, which are meant to be exemplary. Otherembodiments may be used. The order of the messages may be varied whereappropriate. Messages may be omitted if not needed, and, additionalmessages may be added.

FIG. 1A is a diagram of an example communications system 100 in whichone or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communicationssystem 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, suchas voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wirelessusers. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless usersto access such content through the sharing of system resources,including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code divisionmultiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequencydivision multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrierFDMA (SC-FDMA), and the like.

As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wirelesstransmit/receive units (WTRUs) 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, and/or 102 d (whichgenerally or collectively may be referred to as WTRU 102), a radioaccess network (RAN) 103/104/105, a core network 106/107/109, a publicswitched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and othernetworks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosedembodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks,and/or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 dmay be any type of device configured to operate and/or communicate in awireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c,102 d may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals andmay include user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobilesubscriber unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digitalassistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer,a wireless sensor, consumer electronics, and the like.

The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a anda base station 114 b. Each of the base stations 114 a, 114 b may be anytype of device configured to wirelessly interface with one or more ofthe WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d to facilitate access to one or morecommunication networks, such as the core network 106/107/109, theInternet 110, and/or the networks 112. By way of example, the basestations 114 a, 114 b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B,an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a site controller, an accesspoint (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114 b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciatedthat the base stations 114 a, 114 b may include any number ofinterconnected base stations and/or network elements.

The base station 114 a may be part of the RAN 103/104/105, which mayalso include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown),such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller(RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114 a and/or the base station114 b may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signalswithin a particular geographic region, which may be referred to as acell (not shown). The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. Forexample, the cell associated with the base station 114 a may be dividedinto three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114 a mayinclude three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. Inanother embodiment, the base station 114 a may employ multiple-inputmultiple output (MIMO) technology and, therefore, may utilize multipletransceivers for each sector of the cell.

The base stations 114 a, 114 b may communicate with one or more of theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d over an air interface 115/116/117,which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radiofrequency (RF), microwave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visiblelight, etc.). The air interface 115/116/117 may be established using anysuitable radio access technology (RAT).

More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may bea multiple access system and may employ one or more channel accessschemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. Forexample, the base station 114 a in the RAN 103/104/105 and the WTRUs 102a, 102 b, 102 c may implement a radio technology such as UniversalMobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA),which may establish the air interface 115/116/117 using wideband CDMA(WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-SpeedPacket Access (HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may includeHigh-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed UplinkPacket Access (HSUPA).

In another embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b,102 c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS TerrestrialRadio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 115/116/117using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A).

In other embodiments, the base station 114 a and the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b,102 c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.16 (i.e.,Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000,CDMA2000 1×, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (TS-2000), InterimStandard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (TS-856), Global System forMobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution(EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

The base station 114 b in FIG. 1A may be a wireless router, Home Node B,Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitableRAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such asa place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, and the like. In oneembodiment, the base station 114 b and the WTRUs 102 c, 102 d mayimplement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wirelesslocal area network (WLAN). In another embodiment, the base station 114 band the WTRUs 102 c, 102 d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yetanother embodiment, the base station 114 b and the WTRUs 102 c, 102 dmay utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE,LTE-A, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1A,the base station 114 b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110.Thus, the base station 114 b may not be required to access the Internet110 via the core network 106/107/109.

The RAN 103/104/105 may be in communication with the core network106/107/109, which may be any type of network configured to providevoice, data, applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP)services to one or more of the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d. Forexample, the core network 106/107/109 may provide call control, billingservices, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internetconnectivity, video distribution, etc., and/or perform high-levelsecurity functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown inFIG. 1A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 103/104/105 and/or the corenetwork 106/107/109 may be in direct or indirect communication withother RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 103/104/105 or adifferent RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN103/104/105, which may be utilizing an E-UTRA radio technology, the corenetwork 106/107/109 may also be in communication with another RAN (notshown) employing a GSM radio technology.

The core network 106/107/109 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110,and/or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit-switchedtelephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). TheInternet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computernetworks and devices that use common communication protocols, such asthe transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP)and the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite.The networks 112 may include wired or wireless communications networksowned and/or operated by other service providers. For example, thenetworks 112 may include another core network connected to one or moreRANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 103/104/105 or adifferent RAT.

Some or all of the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d in thecommunications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities, i.e., theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d may include multiple transceivers forcommunicating with different wireless networks over different wirelesslinks. For example, the WTRU 102 c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured tocommunicate with the base station 114 a, which may employ acellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114 b, whichmay employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

FIG. 1B is a system diagram of an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1B,the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, atransmit/receive element 122, a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, adisplay/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, apower source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, andother peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 mayinclude any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remainingconsistent with an embodiment. Also, embodiments contemplate that thebase stations 114 a and 114 b, and/or the nodes that base stations 114 aand 114 b may represent, such as but not limited to transceiver station(BTS), a Node-B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a home node-B,an evolved home node-B (eNodeB), a home evolved node-B (HeNB orHeNodeB), a home evolved node-B gateway, and proxy nodes, among others,may include some or all of the elements depicted in FIG. 1B anddescribed herein.

The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purposeprocessor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), aplurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in associationwith a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application SpecificIntegrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGAs)circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine,and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, dataprocessing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any otherfunctionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wirelessenvironment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120,which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 122. While FIG. 1Bdepicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separatecomponents, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and thetransceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package orchip.

The transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signalsto, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 115/116/117. For example, in one embodiment,the transmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured totransmit and/or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, thetransmit/receive element 122 may be an emitter/detector configured totransmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example.In yet another embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may beconfigured to transmit and receive both RF and light signals. It will beappreciated that the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured totransmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals.

In addition, although the transmit/receive element 122 is depicted inFIG. 1B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number oftransmit/receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 mayemploy MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 mayinclude two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., multipleantennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the airinterface 115/116/117.

The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that areto be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and to demodulatethe signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 122. Asnoted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, thetransceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as UTRA and IEEE 802.11, forexample.

The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receiveuser input data from, the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/orthe display/touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) displayunit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad126, and/or the display/touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 mayaccess information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory,such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132.The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM),read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storagedevice. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identitymodule (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card,and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may accessinformation from, and store data in, memory that is not physicallylocated on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (notshown).

The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and maybe configured to distribute and/or control the power to the othercomponents in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitabledevice for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 mayinclude one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd),nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion),etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which maybe configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude andlatitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In additionto, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU102 may receive location information over the air interface 115/116/117from a base station (e.g., base stations 114 a, 114 b) and/or determineits location based on the timing of the signals being received from twoor more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102may acquire location information by way of any suitablelocation-determination implementation while remaining consistent with anembodiment.

The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, whichmay include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provideadditional features, functionality and/or wired or wirelessconnectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include anaccelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera(for photographs or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, avibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, aBluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digitalmusic player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internetbrowser, and the like.

FIG. 1C is a system diagram of the RAN 103 and the core network 106according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 103 may employ aUTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 cover the air interface 115. The RAN 103 may also be in communicationwith the core network 106. As shown in FIG. 1C, the RAN 103 may includeNode-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 c, which may each include one or moretransceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c overthe air interface 115. The Node-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 c may each beassociated with a particular cell (not shown) within the RAN 103. TheRAN 103 may also include RNCs 142 a, 142 b. It will be appreciated thatthe RAN 103 may include any number of Node-Bs and RNCs while remainingconsistent with an embodiment.

As shown in FIG. 1C, the Node-Bs 140 a, 140 b may be in communicationwith the RNC 142 a. Additionally, the Node-B 140 c may be incommunication with the RNC142 b. The Node-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 c maycommunicate with the respective RNCs 142 a, 142 b via an Iub interface.The RNCs 142 a, 142 b may be in communication with one another via anIur interface. Each of the RNCs 142 a, 142 b may be configured tocontrol the respective Node-Bs 140 a, 140 b, 140 c to which it isconnected. In addition, each of the RNCs 142 a, 142 b may be configuredto carry out or support other functionality, such as outer loop powercontrol, load control, admission control, packet scheduling, handovercontrol, macrodiversity, security functions, data encryption, and thelike.

The core network 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a media gateway (MGW)144, a mobile switching center (MSC) 146, a serving GPRS support node(SGSN) 148, and/or a gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) 150. While each ofthe foregoing elements are depicted as part of the core network 106, itwill be appreciated that any one of these elements may be owned and/oroperated by an entity other than the core network operator.

The RNC 142 a in the RAN 103 may be connected to the MSC 146 in the corenetwork 106 via an IuCS interface. The MSC 146 may be connected to theMGW 144. The MSC 146 and the MGW 144 may provide the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b,102 c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, tofacilitate communications between the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c andtraditional land-line communications devices.

The RNC 142 a in the RAN 103 may also be connected to the SGSN 148 inthe core network 106 via an IuPS interface. The SGSN 148 may beconnected to the GGSN 150. The SGSN 148 and the GGSN 150 may provide theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c with access to packet-switched networks, suchas the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between and the WTRUs102 a, 102 b, 102 c and IP-enabled devices.

As noted above, the core network 106 may also be connected to thenetworks 112, which may include other wired or wireless networks thatare owned and/or operated by other service providers.

FIG. 1D is a system diagram of the RAN 104 and the core network 107according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ anE-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communicationwith the core network 107.

The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160 a, 160 b, 160 c, though it will beappreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs whileremaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160 a, 160 b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment,the eNode-Bs 160 a, 160 b, 160 c may implement MIMO technology. Thus,the eNode-B 160 a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmitwireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102 a.

Each of the eNode-Bs 160 a, 160 b, 160 c may be associated with aparticular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radioresource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of usersin the uplink and/or downlink, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1D, theeNode-Bs 160 a, 160 b, 160 c may communicate with one another over an X2interface.

The core network 107 shown in FIG. 1D may include a mobility managementgateway (MME) 162, a serving gateway 164, and a packet data network(PDN) gateway 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted aspart of the core network 107, it will be appreciated that any one ofthese elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than thecore network operator.

The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160 a, 160 b, 160 cin the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. Forexample, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting aparticular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102 a,102 b, 102 c, and the like. The MME 162 may also provide a control planefunction for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown)that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM or WCDMA.

The serving gateway 164 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160 a,160 b, 160 c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The serving gateway164 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs102 a, 102 b, 102 c. The serving gateway 164 may also perform otherfunctions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode B handovers,triggering paging when downlink data is available for the WTRUs 102 a,102 b, 102 c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b,102 c, and the like.

The serving gateway 164 may also be connected to the PDN gateway 166,which may provide the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c with access topacket-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitatecommunications between the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c and IP-enableddevices.

The core network 107 may facilitate communications with other networks.For example, the core network 107 may provide the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b,102 c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, tofacilitate communications between the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c andtraditional land-line communications devices. For example, the corenetwork 107 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g.,an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interfacebetween the core network 107 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the corenetwork 107 may provide the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c with access to thenetworks 112, which may include other wired or wireless networks thatare owned and/or operated by other service providers.

FIG. 1E is a system diagram of the RAN 105 and the core network 109according to an embodiment. The RAN 105 may be an access service network(ASN) that employs IEEE 802.16 radio technology to communicate with theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c over the air interface 117. As will be furtherdiscussed below, the communication links between the differentfunctional entities of the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, the RAN 105, andthe core network 109 may be defined as reference points.

As shown in FIG. 1E, the RAN 105 may include base stations 180 a, 180 b,180 c, and an ASN gateway 182, though it will be appreciated that theRAN 105 may include any number of base stations and ASN gateways whileremaining consistent with an embodiment. The base stations 180 a, 180 b,180 c may each be associated with a particular cell (not shown) in theRAN 105 and may each include one or more transceivers for communicatingwith the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c over the air interface 117. In oneembodiment, the base stations 180 a, 180 b, 180 c may implement MIMOtechnology. Thus, the base station 180 a, for example, may use multipleantennas to transmit wireless signals to, and receive wireless signalsfrom, the WTRU 102 a. The base stations 180 a, 180 b, 180 c may alsoprovide mobility management functions, such as handoff triggering,tunnel establishment, radio resource management, traffic classification,quality of service (QoS) policy enforcement, and the like. The ASNgateway 182 may serve as a traffic aggregation point and may beresponsible for paging, caching of subscriber profiles, routing to thecore network 109, and the like.

The air interface 117 between the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c and the RAN105 may be defined as an R1 reference point that implements the IEEE802.16 specification. In addition, each of the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 cmay establish a logical interface (not shown) with the core network 109.The logical interface between the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c and the corenetwork 109 may be defined as an R2 reference point, which may be usedfor authentication, authorization, IP host configuration management,and/or mobility management.

The communication link between each of the base stations 180 a, 180 b,180 c may be defined as an R8 reference point that includes protocolsfor facilitating WTRU handovers and the transfer of data between basestations. The communication link between the base stations 180 a, 180 b,180 c and the ASN gateway 182 may be defined as an R6 reference point.The R6 reference point may include protocols for facilitating mobilitymanagement based on mobility events associated with each of the WTRUs102 a, 102 b, 102 c.

As shown in FIG. 1E, the RAN 105 may be connected to the core network109. The communication link between the RAN 105 and the core network 109may defined as an R3 reference point that includes protocols forfacilitating data transfer and mobility management capabilities, forexample. The core network 109 may include a mobile IP home agent(MIP-HA) 184, an authentication, authorization, accounting (AAA) server186, and a gateway 188. While each of the foregoing elements aredepicted as part of the core network 109, it will be appreciated thatany one of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entityother than the core network operator.

The MTP-HA may be responsible for TP address management, and may enablethe WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c to roam between different ASNs and/ordifferent core networks. The MIP-HA 184 may provide the WTRUs 102 a, 102b, 102 c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 cand IP-enabled devices. The AAA server 186 may be responsible for userauthentication and for supporting user services. The gateway 188 mayfacilitate interworking with other networks. For example, the gateway188 may provide the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c with access tocircuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitatecommunications between the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c and traditionalland-line communications devices. In addition, the gateway 188 mayprovide the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c with access to the networks 112,which may include other wired or wireless networks that are owned and/oroperated by other service providers.

Although not shown in FIG. 1E, it will be appreciated that the RAN 105may be connected to other ASNs and the core network 109 may be connectedto other core networks. The communication link between the RAN 105 theother ASNs may be defined as an R4 reference point, which may includeprotocols for coordinating the mobility of the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 cbetween the RAN 105 and the other ASNs. The communication link betweenthe core network 109 and the other core networks may be defined as an R5reference, which may include protocols for facilitating interworkingbetween home core networks and visited core networks.

Wireless communications may be a key for success of small unmannedaerial vehicles (sUAV) in commercial and consumer markets. Wirelesscommunications may enable sUAV command and control capabilities.Wireless communications may enable beyond line-of-sight operation forsUAVs. Wireless communications may enable radio based collisiondetection and avoidance. A UAV/sUAV may be considered a type of wirelesstransmit/receive unit (WTRU), for example if the UAV/sUAV includescomponents configured to perform wireless communication transmissionand/or reception. The terms WTRU, sUAV, UAV, drone, unmanned vehicle,etc. may be used interchangeably herein. Further, although some examplesdescribed herein may be described with reference to sUAVs but may alsobe more generally applicable to any type of autonomous vehicle or anyother WTRU (and vice versa). For example, the techniques describedherein may also be applicable to vehicular applications and/or Internetof Things (IoT) type applications.

Wireless communications may be utilized to enable reliable operation andsafe integration of sUAVs into the national airspace system (NAS). Therehas been research interest in addressing the beyond line of sightcommunications for sUAVs. For example, the U.S. National Aeronautics andSpace Administration (NASA) may be developing sUAV traffic management(UTM) architecture to integrate sUAVs into NAS. Several OEMs andcellular network operators may desire to enable sUAV communications viacellular networks.

It would be desirable to develop Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) for sUAVcommunications. While technologies similar to DSRC (e.g., 802.11p) mayconceptually be used for sUAV, 802.11p has limitations such asscalability and communication range etc. For example, as 802.11p uses aCSMA protocol, the end-to-end delays experienced at high vehicledensities may be very high, and hence, may not be suitable to meet thelatency requirements for vehicle to vehicle systems. It may be morelikely that cellular infrastructure based communication systems areadopted for sUAVs. For example, LTE may be pursuing work/study items forV2X standardization which may emphasize the need for cellularcommunication architecture for vehicular systems.

FIG. 2 is a diagram explaining three types of Vehicle-to-Everything(V2X) communications: Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications;Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communications; andVehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) communications. The techniques describedherein may be applicable to V2X type communications.

Recently, interest has developed in using superposition coding toincrease spectral efficiency. For example, there is an ongoing efforttowards standardization of multi-user superposition transmission (MUST)for Rel-13/14.

A problem that may be addressed in LTE V2X systems, and also for futuresUAV systems, may be the ability to deliver safety/cooperative awarenessmessages (CAM) or Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast(ADS-B)-like safety messages to groups of vehicles. Though eMBMSarchitecture may already have been designed for broadcast/multicastservices in LTE 4G systems, eMBMS was designed assuming coordinationfrom nearby cells to function effectively (e.g., from a latencyperspective). To address this shortcoming of eMBMS, single cell-point tomultipoint (SC-PTM) has been proposed in Re1-13/14 where broadcastingmay be performed by every cell independently.

Different group unicast/multicast problems may be addressed herein toincrease the efficiency of SC-PTM (and also eMBMS) broadcast systems.Note that although sUAVs are used as an example herein, other autonomousor unmanned vehicles/automobiles may be used. The techniques describedherein may also be applicable to other types of devices and to groups ofWTRUs generally.

For example, concurrent multi-level broadcasting may be used to enablebroadcasting of multiple messages (e.g., such as multiple V2Vsafety/cooperative awareness message (CAM)) concurrently to differentsubset of devices (e.g., such as UAVs/vehicles) in the same geographicalregion or vicinity. The concurrent multil-level messages may utilizesuperposition coding in order to transmit multiple messages (e.g., afirst level message, a second level message, a third level message,etc.) using a common set of transmission resources (e.g., in thetime-frequency domain). Concurrent multi-level broadcasting may be usedto enable broadcasting messages (e.g., such as CAM or ADS-B likemessages) to some or all the users of a geographical vicinity whilebeing able to transmit individual messages (e.g., such as ADS-B likemessages) applicable to individual devices/vehicles in a resourceefficient way. Further, methods for grouping subsets devices (e.g., suchas UAVs) to enable efficient spectrum usage in a non-orthogonal fashion,for example utilizing the same set of resource blocks without spatiallyseparating the messages (e.g., messages intended for different subsetsof vehicles) using superposition coding are disclosed.

For example, a method of performing a multi-level message may includedetermining a first-level broadcast message and a second-level message,performing a superposition coding of the first-level broadcast messageand the second-level message, and sending the first-level broadcastmessage to a first set users and concurrently sending the second-levelmessage a second set of users. The second set of users may be a sub-setof the first set of users. The second set of the users may cancel thefirst-level broadcast message and decode the second-level message. Theusers may be vehicles, including small unmanned aerial vehicles (sUAVs).The first set of users may correspond to all users in a geographicalvicinity.

The multi-level message may include a first-level broadcast message, asecond-level message, and a third-level message with superpositioncoding, and sending the first-level broadcast message to a first setusers, concurrently sending the second-level broadcast message to asecond set of users, and concurrently sending the third-level broadcastmessage to a third set of users.

The same sets of resource blocks may be used for sending the first-levelbroadcast message, the second level message, and/or the third-levelmessage. The first level broadcast message may be decoded using a firstgroup radio network temporary identifier (GRNTI), the second-levelmessage may be decoded using a second GRNTI, etc. The superpositioncoding may be based on the superpositon of a modulated version of thefirst level broadcast message and a modulated version of thesecond-level message. For example, each of the first-level broadcastmessage and the second-level message may be modulated using quadrarturephase shift keying (QPSK) prior to performing the superposition. Thesuperposition may result in the first and second level messages beingmapped to a constellation out of a plurality of potentialconstellations. The constellation may represent bits of each of thefirst and second level messages.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an eNodeB broadcasting messages to differentgeographical areas. An eNodeB may provide connectivity to enable commandand control of a vehicle, for example, to a sUAV (for example, allsUAVs) in its coverage area. A sUAV (e.g., every sUAV) may transmitADS-B like messages on the uplink. The eNodeB may group the messagesreceived from the sUAVs according to the geographical location of thesUAVs. Geographical vicinity may include, for example, two dimensionalvicinity, such as in a common region, or three dimensional vicinity,such as at a common altitude. For example, in FIG. 3, two geographicalregions, represented as geographical area ‘G’ and geographical area areprovided. ADS-B messages pertaining to a particular geographical areamay be broadcasted to the sUAVs contained in that area. The eNodeB mayperform two independent ADS-B like broadcasts, such as one broadcastmessage for sUAVs in area ‘G’, and another for sUAVs in area ‘L’.

Messages to different geographical regions may be coded independentlyand may utilize separate resource blocks for transmission. A broadcastmessage intended for a geographical area may be assigned a unique RadioNetwork Temporary Identifier (RNTI). The RNTI may be a Group RadioNetwork Temporary Identifier (GRNTI). Examples herein may be describedwith respect to use of GRNTIs, but such examples may also be applicableto other types of RNTIs. It is understood that a GRNTI may refer to asingle WTRU (e.g., when a group size=1). An sUAV in a particulargeographical area may use the appropriate GRNTI to decode the message(for example, the message that it is interested in). Geography basedbroadcasting may be pursued. A geography based broadcast may be employedby the eNodeB to transmit ADS-B like messages.

In the geographical area ‘G,’ there may be several sUAVs scatteredthroughout the area. Additionally, a “swarm of sUAV” represented by ‘A’,may be within the geographical area ‘G’. However, the sUAVs in swarm ‘A’may undertake activities or be experiencing conditions that aredifferent from the remainder of the sUAVs (e.g., scattered sUAVs) in thegeographical area ‘G’. For example, the sUAVs in swarm ‘A’ may beperforming a joint operation (such as, for example, searching for anintruder or suspect as in a 5G SMARTER use case). In another use case,the sUAV in swarm ‘A’ may be in a dangerous location (such as, forexample, near to an airport), such that a warning message may need to beprovided to the sUAVs in swarm ‘A’, but the warning message may not needto be provided to other sUAVs in geographical area ‘G’. For example, thesUAVs outside swarm ‘A’ may not be provided this warning message.

Example parameters of the ADS-B like broadcast system for the scenariodepicted in FIG. 3 may be stated as follows. The sUAVs in thegeographical area ‘G’ may attempt to obtain a message, ‘m1’ (forexample, a message common to the geographical area ‘G’, including thesUAVs in swarm ‘A’). For example, ‘m1’ may be a broadcast message. ThesUAVs in swarm ‘A’ may attempt to obtain another (e.g., private) message‘m2’. For example, ‘m2’ may be a broadcast message. The message ‘m2’ maybe applicable to (e.g., only applicable to) the sUAVs in swarm ‘A’(e.g., but not to other sUAVs in the geographical area ‘G’).

The ‘m1’, ‘m2’ example may be treated as two independent broadcastsystems: BC1: Message for sUAVs in geographical area ‘G’ and sUAVs inswarm ‘A’ (e.g., common message); and BC2: Message for sUAVs in swarm‘A’ only (e.g., private message). In this example, the sUAVs ingeographical area ‘G’. that are outside of swarm ‘A’ may subscribe toBC1 only, while the sUAVs in swarm ‘A’ may subscribe to both BC1 andBC2.

This disclosure may provide an efficient method of performing atwo-level broadcast. Methods for extending this to a multi-levelbroadcast system may be outlined.

The aforementioned broadcast scenario may be extended to a case whenconcurrent unicast and multicast transmission may be performed.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of an example of an eNodeB unicast and multicastbroadcasting messages to a geographical area (e.g., geographical area‘G’). An ADS-B like message applicable to a particular sUAV ‘A’ (or,alternatively, a group of sUAVs) may be transmitted along with a commonADS-B like message intended for all sUAVs in a geographical area (e.g.,geographical area ‘G’). For example, the sUAV ‘A’ may receive a unicastADS-B like message in addition to the ADS-B like broadcast messageintended for all sUAVS in geographical area ‘G’. The ADS-B likebroadcast message intended for all sUAVS in geographical area ‘G’ mayhave a first GRNTI. The first GRNTI may be indicated, for example, usingsystem information. The unicast ADS-B like message may have a secondGRNTI. The second GRNTI may be indicated, for example, using a dedicatedconfiguration. The dedicated configuration may be configured via a RadioResource Control (RRC) signaling message. The dedicated configurationmay be configured via a Medium Access Control (MAC) element.

The message for sUAV ‘A’ may be a broadcast message, multicast message,or unicast message. Superposition coding for different levels ofbroadcast messages (and/or unicast message) may be leveraged. Forexample, a two-level broadcast message may comprise a first-levelbroadcast message that may be broadcasted to all users, and asecond-level broadcast message that may be broadcasted to a subset ofusers. Let s₁ denote the first level broadcast message and s₂ denote thesecond-level broadcast message. The transmitted broadcast message, s maybe given by s=√{square root over (α)}s₁+√{square root over (1−α)}s₂ ,where α is the power ratio.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of an example of an architecture for a Category-1superposition coding for a two-level broadcast message. Similararchitectures for Category-2 and Category-3 may be extended for thetwo-level broadcast scenario. Assuming that s₁, s₂ belong to a QPSKconstellation (although, in principle, it may belong to anyconstellation), the superposed constellation s is depicted in FIG. 6.The same resource blocks may be used to transmit both the level-1 andlevel-2 broadcast messages.

FIG. 6 is a diagram of an example constellation for superposed broadcastmessage (assuming level-1 and level-2 broadcast messages are from QPSK).The gray color (left two digits of each four digit group) may belong toa level-1 broadcast message while the black color (last two digits ofeach four digit group) may belong to a level-2 broadcast message.

The two levels of broadcast messages may be decoded by the users. Forexample, assume that eNodeB uses GRNTI1 for a level-1 broadcast messageand GRNTI2 a level-2 message. Using FIG. 3 as an example, all sUAVs(such as those in the geographical area ‘G’, including swarm ‘A’) may beprovided with GRNTI1. The users may be able to decode the level-1broadcast message.

The sUAVs in swarm ‘A’, may (e.g., may also) be provided with GRNTI2. Asthe users in swarm ‘A’ already have the level-1 message (e.g., by virtueof being in geographical area ‘G’, as described), the users may cancelit from the received message, and together with GRNTI2 decode thelevel-2 message. Higher levels of messages may be obtained by cancellingthe lower level messages.

The proposed superposition of the two levels of messages may use thesame set of resource blocks. This may be spectrally efficient comparedto treating the two-level approach as two independent broadcast messages(which may rely on the use of two different sets of resource blocks fortransmission of messages).

Compared to multi-user superposition transmission (MUST), proposedsuperposition of the two levels of the broadcast messages may notrequire explicit signaling from the eNodeB to cancel lower levels ofmessages for decoding the higher level message (thereby avoidingsignificant control overhead). Explicit signaling from eNodeB isrequired for cancelling the interference of lower layers in MUST. Thismay amount to a significant control overhead because, in the case ofcode-word interference cancellation (CWIC), the entire PDSCH informationmay need to be provided including the modulation order, GRNTI, MCS, etc.

The proposed superposition of the two levels of messages, by contrast,may result in the sUAV already having the lower level message codewordobtained from the lower level broadcast message, that it may use alongwith the higher level GRNTIs, to obtain the higher level messages.

Multi-level broadcast and mulicast/unicast messages may be created usingsuperposition coding as well.

FIG. 7 is a diagram of an example of a multi-level broadcast messaging.Let U_(n)⊂U²⁻¹ . . . . ⊂₁ represent sUAVs in a geographical area. ThesUAVs in U_(n) receive “private” ADS-B messages, in addition to all the“common” ADS-B messages received by U_(n−1). A n− level broadcastsuperposition message may be transmitted, with the eNodeB providing theappropriate GRNTI information to the appropriate sUAV groups to be ableto decode the messages. For example, for the case n=3, U₃ may beprovided with {GRNTI1, GRNTI2, GRNTI3}, while U₂ may be provided with{GRNTI1, GRNTI2}, and U₁ may be provided with GRNTI1. Multi-levelbroadcasting may be accomplished with the same resource. The decodingstructure of each level may be similar to the two level case, wherehigher layers are obtained by canceling lower layers of interference.The first GRNTI may be indicated, for example, using system information.The second GRNTI and third GRNTI may be indicated, for example, using adedicated configuration. The dedicated configuration may be configuredvia a RRC signaling message. The dedicated configuration may beconfigured via a MAC control element.

Concurrent multicast and unicast transmission may be provided. A privateADS-B like message for a particular sUAV may be transmitted along with acommon message. Performing superposition of a unicast message with thecommon broadcast message is desirable. For example, there may be no needfor the eNodeB to signal additional information (except GRNTIs) forcancelling the lower layer interference for decoding the privatemessage. The lower layer message may be the common broadcast messagewhich the sUAV has already decoded. Performing a unicast (e.g., a singleunicast) may provide an opportunity to leverage the multi-user diversitysuch that the eNodeB may choose the “best” user among the users in thegeographical area to increase the spectral efficiency.

A multiple unicast may be performed along with the broadcast message,albeit with higher complexity. In this case, the eNodeB may need tosignal the users to perform interference cancellation. For simplicity,assume that there are two unicast messages applicable to two differentsUAVs, and a common message applicable to all sUAVs. The lower levelbroadcast message may be decoded by all the sUAVs as the GRNTI is madeavailable by eNodeB to all users in the geographical region. The eNodeBmay provide GRNTI-1 to the first unicast sUAV. The first sUAV may getits private message after cancelling the lower layer message that itobtained. The eNodeB may provide GRNTI-2 (and all the PDSCH informationof the first unicast message) to a second unicast sUAV. The second sUAVmay get its private message after cancelling the lower layer message andthe PDSCH information of the first unicast message received from eNodeB.

A concurrent uni cast and multicast may be applied in SC-PTM scenarios.The unicast message (private) may not have to be transmitted to theMBSFN cells (e.g., which might have been the case if one had to applythe superposition coding in the eMBMS scenario).

Multi-level group formation may occur and signaling aspects may bedeveloped. In a case of SC-PTM, the eNodeB may use the channel gains ofusers, together with the feedback it receives on the uplink, to groupthe users (such as, for example, to balance the tradeoff between theresources used and spectral efficiency). For example, if grouping isdone such that the difference in channel gains between the weakest userand the strongest user is high, then the spectral efficiency of thebroadcast group (e.g., the sum rate of the broadcast group), tends to below. This is due to the fact the weakest member in the broadcast groupmay still need to be able to decode. Performing unicast transmissionsfor the broadcast data may result in using more resources in such ascenario.

An adaptive strategy with switching periods may be implemented. Theadaptive strategy may determine whether or not superposition coding isenabled. If the gains in performing superposition coding are not highenough, a simple broadcast may be sufficient. An adaptive strategy maybe used to switch between superposition coding and the typicalbroadcast/unicast, based on the channel gains of users.

Adaptive switching may be performed on a per TTI basis, where any TTImay be allocated for superposition coding, or for typicalbroadcast/unicast transmissions. Specific TTIs may be reserved forsuperposition coding. These may be signaled either via RRC signalingmessage(s) or via a Layer 2 message which may include a dynamicindication to the sUAV. A bitmap related to the specific TTIs allocatedfor superposition coding may be included in these messages.

Specific switching periods may be defined where the transition occursfrom typical broadcast/unicast transmissions to superposition coding orvice-versa. These switching periods may be pre-determined and may beconfigured via higher layer signaling. Switching periods may be signaleddynamically via physical layer control signaling.

Semi-persistent superposition coding periods may be implemented. Inorder to optimize the signaling overhead, a semi-persistentsuperposition coding period (for example, analogous to semi-persistentscheduling) may be defined where superposition/one layer coding isperformed in a periodic manner. The periodicity may be indicated throughhigher layer control signaling mechanisms, such as via RRC or L2messaging.

This periodicity may be defined as which particular TTIs, and/or howmany consecutive TTIs, may be utilized for superposition coding. Forexample, superposition based broadcast may be performed such that TTImod 2=0 (every other subframe). For example, TTI 1 with 2 consecutiveTTIs and TTI 6 with 3 consecutive TTIs may be allocated forsuperposition coding, and the rest of the TTIs may be allocationed in aconventional manner.

Feedback for superposition coding may be implemented. The eNodeB may usean appropriate metric to balance this in forming appropriate grouping.The metric may indicate whether the difference in channel gains betweenthe weakest user and the median user is high. This metric may be atleast one of quantized received power, reference signal received power,downlink pathloss, pathloss, channel quality indicator, wideband channelquality indicator, RSSI, RSRP, RSRQ, and SINR etc.

The difference between the average sum-rate of users in the group andthe broadcasting rate may be computed. It may be configured to send thegroup information to the group members (e.g., GRNTI of the group) if thecomputed metric is above, or below, a certain threshold. If thedifference is greater than some threshold, it may imply that thespectral efficiency of the broadcast is low, and hence there may be aneed to look for another grouping.

In forming the two-level grouping, for example, the requirements of boththe common message and private message may need to be taken intoaccount. A two-level broadcast may be formed by making sure that theusers in each level of broadcast group have roughly the same channelgains (or some other metric that has less skew among users in the samegroup), with the average channel gains of the second group higher thanthe first. This may enable the “private message” sent to the secondgroup to have better rates based on the difference in average channelgains between the second and the first group.

ACK/NACK Feedback for superposition coding may be implemented. The sUAVmay need to report the ACK/NACK for superposition coding transmissions.One or more of following may apply for the ACK/NACK reporting. If anerror occurs, the sUAV may be configured to report the layer where theerror occurred to the eNodeB. It may be known implicitly that all layersprior to this have been successfully received or explicit signaling maybe conveyed. For example, if an error occurs, the sUAV may send a NACKfor the packet, and the sUAVs may also send the layer information.Similar layer information may be sent along with ACK.

Dynamic multicast service grouping may be implemented. Depending on thegeographical location of sUAV and its capability, the number ofbroadcast groups may be changed dynamically, thereby eNodeB may optimizeits resource usage and/or signaling overhead. For example, suppose thatthere are two geographical regions, each region being serviced by abroadcast group. If there are not many sUAVs in each region, then theregions may be combined to treat the two geographical regions as oneextended region, and use one broadcast group to service all the sUAVs.Appropriate signaling (for example, a SIB message) may be sent toindicate this geographical region reconfiguration. The superpositioncoding capability of sUAV may play a role in deciding the multicastgroup to which the sUAV belongs. For example, if a sUAV supportssuperposition decoding, then it may be accommodated in some broadcastgroup level, rather than placing the sUAV in a “non-layered” broadcastgroup.

sUAV superposition coding capability may be implemented. Thesuperposition support provided by sUAV may be signaled via the RRCsignaling message ‘adsb_in_capabilityinformation’ report. This may besimilar to the ‘uecapabilityinformation’ report in LTE. It may signifythe ADS-B IN like transponder capability for the sUAV. An IE may beprovided which may also signify the “maximum number layers” that sUAVmay support for superposition coding.

Layering for superposition coding may be implemented. Flexible signalingmechanisms may be utilized to enable efficient spectrum utilization bytaking advantage of different sUAVs being serviced. This may be achievedby providing an ability to indicate the number of layers and the orderof layer cancellation for effective signal determination. A number ofbroadcast layers for the sUAV may, if superposition broadcast coding isperformed, be equivalent to the number of layers of messages that thesUAV has to decode. Order of layer cancellation may be the order inwhich layers are to be cancelled so as to be able to decode higherlayers. As an example, the order in which GRNTI information is providedmay be the order in which the layers are to be canceled for decodinghigher layer information.

Physical layer control signaling may be implemented. The downlinkcontrol information (DCI) signaling may be extended to indicate all orany of the parameters in any combination to accommodate thesuperposition coding scenarios.

Similar mechanisms may be extended for the concurrent multicast unicastscenario, for example, one may perform unicast to a sUAV which is apossible retransmission of the previous broadcast message (due toerrors), in addition to a new broadcast message common to all members ofthe group.

A GRNTI could be associated to a geography, a UAV's location, analtitude of operation etc. The associated GRNTI may be received by theUAV along with the preconfigured control information pertaining to themessage associated with the GRNTIs such as MCS, physical resource blocksetc., through system information messages.

The UAV may dynamically monitor one or more GRNTIs for receivingbroadcast, multiple-level messages based on its speed, headingdirection, acceleration, mission type, etc. In an example, if the speedof the UAV is greater than threshold-1, and less than threshold-2, theUAV may monitor one adjacent GRNTI associated with each of thedirections (e.g., north, west, south, east) in addition to the GRNTI ofits current location. In an example, if the speed of the UAV is greaterthan threshold-3, the UAV may monitor two adjacent GRNTIs associated ineach of the directions in addition to the GRNTI of its current location.In an example, a mission-critical UAV may monitor one or more adjacentGRNTIs associated in each of the directions at all times in its flightpath. In an example, a UAV that is travelling northwards with high speedmay monitor two additional GRNTIs associated with its immediate locationin its northwards direction, while monitoring one GRNTI in otherdirections, in addition to the GRNTI for its current geographicallocation.

A UAV may receive multiple level messages, each level associated withdifferent GRNTI, and the UAV may decodes only GRNTIs applicable to it.In an example, the UAV may decode higher levels of messages only if thelower levels are applicable to it. As an example, a UAV may decode thesecond level message based on whether or not the first level GRNTI isassociated to the UAV's geographical location.

A UAV may provide one or more of its position information, speed, and/orheading direction to the network. The network may use the providedinformation to group the UAVs (for example, such as based on theirgeographical location) and may perform group-based beamforming to eachof the groups. In an example, one UAV in a group may act as a groupowner which provides position information etc., of its group members tothe network. The network may allocate GRNTI and may perform group-basedbeamforming. A group owner may provide the centroid of the groupperiodically, or in a event-triggered fashion (e.g., when one or moregroup members change their position above a threshold). The network mayreconfigure GRNTIs and perform group-based beamforming.

The processes described above may be implemented in a computer program,software, and/or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium forexecution by a computer and/or processor. Examples of computer-readablemedia include, but are not limited to, electronic signals (transmittedover wired and/or wireless connections) and/or computer-readable storagemedia. A processor in association with software may be used to implementa radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, basestation, RNC, and/or any host computer.

1-53. (canceled)
 54. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) configuredto: receive control information regarding superposition coding;determine a first group network temporary identifier (GRNTI) wherein thefirst GRNTI is associated with a broadcast transmission from a basestation to a plurality of WTRUs; determine a second GRNTI, wherein thesecond GRNTI is associated with a transmission from the base station toa subset of the plurality of WTRUs that received the first GRNTI;receive a multi-level transmission, wherein the multi-level transmissioncomprises a first level message and a second level message that are senton a common set of resources using superposition coding; decode thefirst level message from the multi-level transmission using the firstGRNTI and control information; and decode the second level message fromthe multi-level transmission using the second GRNTI, if the first levelmessage was configured for the WTRU.
 55. The WTRU of claim 54, whereinthe first GRNTI is indicated using system information.
 56. The WTRU ofclaim 54, wherein the second GRNTI is indicated using a dedicatedconfiguration.
 57. The WTRU of claim 54, wherein the WTRU is furtherconfigured to cancel the first level message from the multi-leveltransmission in order to receive the second level message, and using thepreconfigured control information from the first level message to decodethe second level message.
 58. The WTRU of claim 54, wherein the secondlevel message is at least one of a multicast message, a unicast message,and a re-transmission of a message after an error in that message. 59.The WTRU of claim 54, wherein the decoding of the second level messagefrom the multi-level transmission is conditioned on the successfuldecoding the first level message from the multi-level transmission 60.The WTRU of claim 54, wherein the multi-level transmission is receivedin accordance with a semi-persistent configuration, and whereininstances of the multi-level transmission are sent using a periodicitydefined by the semi-persistent configuration.
 61. The WTRU of claim 60,wherein the multi-level transmission includes a bitmap related to theinterval allocated for superposition coding.
 62. The WTRU of claim 54,wherein the WTRU is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).
 63. The WTRU ofclaim 62, wherein the first level message is an Automatic DependentSurveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B).
 64. The WTRU of claim 62, wherein thesubset of the plurality of WTRUs are in a common geographical vicinityor are using a common application.
 65. The WTRU of claim 64, wherein thecommon geographical vicinity comprises a common altitude range.
 66. TheWTRU of claim 54, wherein the first level message corresponds to abroadcast message, the second level message corresponds to a multicastmessage, and the WTRU is further configured to: determine aWTRU-specific RNTI, wherein the WTRU-specific RNTI is associated with aunicast transmission to the WTRU, wherein the multi-level transmissionfurther comprises a third level message that is sent on the common setof resources with the first level-message and the second-level messageusing superposition coding; and decode the third level message from themulti-level transmission using the WTRU-specific RNTI.
 67. The WTRU ofclaim 54, wherein the control information regarding superposition codingincludes information on switching periods when superposition coding isenabled.
 68. The WTRU of claim 54, wherein the control informationregarding superposition coding includes information on semi-persistentsuperposition coding periods.
 69. The WTRU of claim 54, wherein thecontrol information regarding superposition coding is based on channelconditions and/or group channel gains differences.
 70. The WTRU of claim54, wherein the WTRU is further configured to signal an ACK/NACK forsuperposition coding transmissions.
 71. The WTRU of claim 54, whereinthe control information regarding superposition coding includesinformation for grouping the plurality of WTRUs.
 72. The WTRU of claim54, wherein the WTRU is further configured to signal its superpositioncoding capability.
 73. The WTRU of claim 54, wherein the controlinformation regarding superposition coding includes an indication of oneor more of the number of message levels and the order of cancellation.